New Insights into Subclinical Mastitis in Buffaloes: B-Mode and Doppler Ultrasonography, Molecular Expression and Clinicopathological Correlates.

Integrated ultrasonography with molecular biomarkers enables early detection of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes.

This study presents a comprehensive multimodal diagnostic approach to subclinical mastitis in buffaloes, integrating ultrasonographic imaging, molecular biomarkers, and clinicopathological assessment. Subclinically mastitic buffaloes demonstrated significantly elevated somatic cell counts without overt clinical inflammation. B-mode ultrasonography revealed characteristic parenchymal changes including increased echogenicity, mild ductal enlargement, and loss of tissue homogeneity. Doppler analysis identified altered mammary hemodynamics with elevated resistive and pulsatility indices alongside reduced mean velocity, indicating vascular compromise. Systemic analysis revealed mild disturbances in leukocyte profiles, hepatorenal parameters, and electrolyte balance, notably hypocalcemia and sodium-potassium dysregulation. Molecular analysis demonstrated marked upregulation of innate immune markers (TLR4, IL-6) and acute-phase reactant SAA, confirming early inflammatory activation despite subclinical presentation. The integrated diagnostic strategy combining ultrasonographic vascular assessment with molecular immune markers and biochemical profiling proved superior for early detection compared to individual parameters. These findings enhance understanding of subclinical mastitis pathogenesis in buffalo dairy systems and provide practical tools for timely intervention, thereby improving udder health and herd productivity.

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