ethInnovative effect of pomegranate peel extract nanoemulsion in diarrheic lambs: Prospective towards promoting immunity, hematology indices, antioxidant competence, and controlling Escherichia coli infection.

Pomegranate peel nanoemulsion enhances immunity and reduces E. coli infection in diarrheic lambs.

This study investigated the efficacy of pomegranate peel extract nanoemulsion (PN) as a dietary supplement in lambs experimentally challenged with pathogenic Escherichia coli O55. Researchers first characterized E. coli isolates from diarrheic lambs in Egypt, identifying O55 as the predominant serotype (30%) with multi-virulence profiles. Five experimental groups were established: negative control, positive control (challenged only), and three treatment groups receiving PN at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg. PN supplementation significantly enhanced antioxidant markers (SOD, GPX, CAT, T-AOC) while reducing oxidative stress indicators (MDA). Hematological parameters including RBCs and hemoglobin improved substantially. Serum immunological indices (IgA, IgE, IgM, IL-10, IL-6, CRP, TNF-α) demonstrated enhanced immune responses. Critically, PN treatment reduced E. coli O55 bacterial loads and downregulated major virulence genes (stx2, astA, aggR, invE, eaeA). Results support pomegranate peel extract nanoemulsion as a promising nano-formulated therapeutic intervention for improving immune competence and antioxidant status in lambs experiencing E. coli-associated diarrhea.

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