Pharmacokinetics of extended-release lipid buprenorphine in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis) and its effects on body temperature.

Extended-release lipid buprenorphine (2 mg/kg SC) maintains plasma levels above 1 ng/mL for over 48 hours in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots.

This experimental pharmacokinetic (PK) study evaluated a single subcutaneous dose of extended-release lipid buprenorphine (ER-B; 2 mg/kg) in 15 laboratory-housed Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). The study aimed to characterize PK parameters and assess effects on body temperature (BT). Each bird served as its own control, with BT measured via subcutaneous transponders at matched time points one week prior to drug administration. ER-B demonstrated rapid absorption with a mean time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) of 2.1 hours and a mean elimination half-life of 13.8 hours. Plasma concentrations remained above 1 ng/mL for more than 48 hours, suggesting prolonged drug availability potentially suitable for post-procedural analgesia. Body temperature was significantly reduced at 3 hours (mean difference: -1.06°C) and 6 hours (mean difference: -1.2°C) post-administration compared to controls, consistent with opioid-induced hypothermia observed in other avian species. Mild sedation was noted but no serious adverse effects were recorded. Statistical analysis utilized a mixed-effects ANOVA model with post hoc Tukey corrections. These findings suggest ER-B may provide sustained opioid plasma levels for over 48 hours in this species with an acceptable safety profile. The authors recommend further pharmacodynamic studies to confirm analgesic efficacy and establish clinical dosing recommendations for Hispaniolan Amazon parrots and potentially other psittacine species.

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