Long-term follow-up of bronchomalacia after bronchoscopy: survival and prognostic factors in dogs.

Bronchomalacia carries significant cardiorespiratory mortality; identify age, pulmonary hypertension, and severity for risk stratification.

This prospective observational cohort study followed 72 dogs with bronchoscopy-confirmed bronchomalacia (BM) from December 2013 to February 2025, tracking long-term outcomes and prognostic factors. Dogs with BM demonstrated a median all-cause mortality survival time of 998 days, with cardiorespiratory causes accounting for approximately two-thirds of deaths (median survival 1323 days). Pulmonary hypertension (PH) and secondary pneumonia/pneumonitis each occurred in over one-third of cases. Multivariable analysis identified older age, inflammatory airway disease requiring corticosteroids, and PH as risk factors for pneumonia development. All-cause mortality was associated with older age, PH, and severe BM, while cardiorespiratory mortality was associated with tracheal collapse grade III/IV, PH, and corticosteroid-requiring inflammatory airway disease. The study demonstrates that BM carries substantial cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality in dogs, with identifiable prognostic factors useful for clinical risk stratification and guiding long-term management strategies.

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