Immunological effects of β-glucan as a Trained Immunity-based Adjuvant in vaccinated goats against anthrax.

β-glucan enhances anthrax vaccine immunogenicity in goats via trained immunity mechanisms.

This study investigates β-glucan derived from Debaryomyces hansenii CBS8339 as a trained immunity-based adjuvant (TIbA) to enhance anthrax vaccine efficacy in goats. The research evaluated peripheral blood monocyte-like cells from vaccinated animals following ex vivo lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Results demonstrated that co-administration of β-glucan with anthrax vaccine significantly enhanced multiple innate immune mechanisms, including phagocytic activity, nitric oxide production, and myeloperoxidase activity compared to control vaccinated animals. The adjuvanted vaccination also induced metabolic reprogramming characterized by increased glycolytic activity, evidenced by elevated glucose consumption and lactate production. These findings suggest β-glucan functions as an effective TIbA by functionally reprogramming innate immune cells to enhance responsiveness. The study provides evidence supporting trained immunity as a novel immunological strategy for veterinary vaccine development. However, the authors acknowledge that further investigation is necessary to fully elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying β-glucan's adjuvant effects and to evaluate long-term implications for practical vaccine application in livestock.

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